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BICEP and Keck Array
BICEP (Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization) and the Keck Array are a series of cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments. They aim to measure the polarization of the CMB; in particular, measuring the ''B''-mode of the CMB. The experiments have had three generations of instrumentation, consisting of BICEP1, BICEP2 and the Keck Array, with BICEP3 being constructed . On 17 March 2014, the collaboration announced that BICEP2 had made the first detection of so-called ''B''-mode polarization, a possible signature of inflation in the very early Universe.
== Purpose and collaboration ==
The purpose of the BICEP experiment is to measure the polarization of the CMB.〔 Specifically, it aims to measure the ''B''-modes (curl component) of the polarization of the CMB.〔 BICEP operates from the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station.〔 All three instruments have mapped the same part of the sky, around the South Celestial Pole.〔〔
The institutions involved in the various instruments are Caltech, Cardiff University, University of Chicago, Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, CEA Grenoble (FR), University of Minnesota and Stanford University (all experiments); UC San Diego (BICEP1 and 2); National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), University of British Columbia and University of Toronto (BICEP2, Keck Array and BICEP3); and Case Western Reserve University (Keck Array).〔〔〔〔〔
The series of experiments began at the California Institute of Technology in 2002. In collaboration with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, physicists Andrew Lange, Jamie Bock, Brian Keating, and William Holzapfel began the construction of the BICEP1 telescope which deployed to the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in 2005 for a three-season observing run.〔 Immediately after deployment of BICEP1, the team, which now included Caltech postdoctoral fellows John Kovac and Chao-Lin Kuo, among others, began work on BICEP2. The telescope remained the same, but new detectors were inserted into BICEP2 using a completely different technology: a printed circuit board on the focal plane that could filter, process, image, and measure radiation from the cosmic microwave background. BICEP2 was deployed to the South Pole in 2009 to begin its three-season observing run which yielded the detection of B-mode polarization in the cosmic microwave background.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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